Cosmic horizon definition10/22/2023 If the constants of nature are different in each new expanding universe, as Smolin has suggested, the result is endless variety if they are the same, as Penrose suggested, the result is a form of eternal return. Roger Penrose, Lee Smolin, Paul Steinhardt, and Neil Turok have all proposed that the multiverse arises in time rather than space. Since no one can determine which one is real, Susskind is disposed to accept them all. They may be related to inflationary universes. Each of them, in principle, embodies a universe. Different string vacua are sufficiently distinct that their physics varies, or may vary. String theory, Leonard Susskind has argued, is the correct theory of quantum gravity. The multiverse appears both in cosmology and particle physics. Some varieties of inflation are likely to have led to many different universes in which cosmological parameters varied widely. A period of extremely rapid exponential inflation occurred in the very early universe, before the Hot Big Bang era and almost directly after the Big Bang itself. Christopher Columbus made a similar argument, after all, and he was right.Īlan Guth, Andrei Linde, and Alexander Vilenkin have embraced the multiverse because its existence follows from some current cosmological theories. ![]() “his shell,” he writes, “has no more physical significance than the circle that delineates your horizon if you’re in the middle of the ocean.” 2 There must be further domains beyond what we can see. The cosmologist, Martin Rees, has argued that our universe cannot plausibly end at the visual horizon. Max Tegmark has contemplated four different kinds of multiverse, and Brian Greene, nine. They are possible because no one knows whether they exist. T he multiverse is a collection, set, or ensemble of possibly disjoint universes. ![]() Their owners argue that this is no time to bring these subjects to heel. In the last twenty years or so, both string theory and theories of the multiverse have slipped the leash. Scientific theories have since the seventeenth century been held tight by an experimental leash. ![]() T heoretical physics and cosmology find themselves in a strange place.
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